In this paper, we show all phenomena can be understood as the conservation of mass, angular momentum, and rotational kinetic energy. In addition, we derive the equation for the relativistic mass of a particle, using only Newton's second law and the kinematic variables defined by the particle wave function, without resort, or reference to, coordinate transformations. We also provide a small correction to our model of photon propagation, and continue our critical examination of the concept of potential energy. Finally, we demonstrate the equivalence of Newtonian and Hamiltonian dynamics. In the universal model, nature acts to minimize the work done during any interaction.